Case Studies

A Sang, a brilliantly talented yet tragically fated singer, finds the arc of her…

Abing, originally named Hua Yanjun, was a native of Wuxi, Jiangsu. He was a reno…

Ada Lovelace, a mathematical genius who transcended her era, led a life of extra…

Akio Morita (1921–1999) was a renowned Japanese entrepreneur and co-founder of S…

Alan Turing, a British mathematician, computer scientist, and cryptographer, is …

Albert Camus, a philosopher and writer born in French Algeria and a leading repr…

Albert Einstein, the German-born theoretical physicist, became one of the greate…

Alexander Bell, the Scottish-born scientist, inventor, and entrepreneur, is worl…

Alexander Fleming, a Scottish microbiologist and pharmacologist, is renowned wor…

Alvaro Uribe, one of the most controversial political figures in Colombian histo…

Amadeo Giannini, the founder of modern American banking, is hailed as the "Fathe…

Andrei Sakharov, a renowned Soviet physicist celebrated as the "father of the So…

Anne Frank, a Jewish Dutch girl born on June 12, 1929, became an enduring symbol…

Antoine Lavoisier, the founder of modern chemistry, is hailed as the "Father of …

Anton Chekhov, born on January 29, 1860, in Taganrog, Russia, was one of the gre…

Aretha Franklin, the legendary American singer hailed as the "Queen of Soul," le…

Ariel Sharon, a renowned Israeli military and political figure, is celebrated wo…

Arthur Charles Clarke, a great science fiction writer, scientist, and futurist, …

Audrey Hepburn—a name, a legend. She was not merely one of the most influential …

Ba Jin, originally named Li Yaotang, was born on November 25, 1904, in Chengdu, …

Bada Shanren, originally named Zhu Da, was an eminent painter of the late Ming a…

Bai Juyi, courtesy name Letian and late sobriquet Xiangshan Jushi, was an outsta…

Baruch Spinoza, a distinguished representative of 17th-century Dutch rationalist…

Bernie Mac, a brilliantly talented American comedian, was renowned worldwide for…

Bill Wilson, the American co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), became one of…

Bob Dylan, born Robert Allen Zimmerman, is one of America's most influential sin…

Boris Yeltsin, the first president of the Russian Federation and a key driving f…

Bruce Lee, the Chinese-American action movie superstar, martial artist, and phil…

Cai Yuanpei, courtesy name Heqing, alias Jiemin, was a native of Shaoxing, Zheji…

Cao Cao, courtesy name Mengde, was an outstanding politician, military strategis…

Cao Xueqin, given name Zhan and styled Xueqin, was a celebrated novelist, poet, …

Carl Lewis, the legendary figure of American track and field, earned the respect…

Carl Linnaeus, the founder of Swedish biology, was hailed as the "Prince of Bota…

Cary Grant, the legendary leading man of Hollywood's Golden Age, is renowned wor…

Charles Robert Darwin, a renowned English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, …

Charles Dickens, a towering figure of 19th-century English literature, is renown…

Charles E. Merrill, a legendary figure whose name resonates throughout financial…

Charles Kao, the father of fiber optic communications, was born in Shanghai on N…

Charles Lindbergh, an American aviation pioneer, is renowned worldwide for his 1…

Charlie Chaplin, the comic genius born in London, England, was world-renowned fo…

Chen Jingrun, a master of his generation in the field of analytic number theory …

Chen Yifei (1946–2005) was a titan of China's contemporary visual art world, ren…

Chen Yinke (1890–1969) was a major modern Chinese historian and scholar of class…

Cheng Yanqiu (1904–1958) was one of the "Four Great Dan" actors of Peking Opera …

Clark Gable, the superstar who swept across Hollywood and was hailed as the "Kin…

Claude Shannon, hailed as the "father of information theory," was one of the mos…

Yang Zhenning is a distinguished theoretical physicist and the pride of the Chin…

Coco Chanel, the most influential French fashion designer of the 20th century an…

Dai Zhen (1724–1777), a representative of Anhui scholarship in the Qing dynasty,…

Dante Alighieri, the great medieval Italian poet and thinker hailed as the fathe…

David Ben-Gurion, the founding father and first Prime Minister of Israel, lived …

David Hume, an 18th-century Scottish philosopher, historian, and economic thinke…

David Sarnoff (1891–1971) was a media pioneer born in Russia who later immigrate…

Du Fu, a great realist poet of the Tang dynasty, is revered as the "Sage of Poet…

Du Mu, courtesy name Muzhi and literary name Fanchuan Jushi, was a celebrated po…

Edward Heath was a leader of the British Conservative Party who served as Prime …

Edwin Hubble was a renowned American astronomer and one of the founders of moder…

Eileen Chang, a writer who profoundly influenced modern Chinese-language literat…

Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady of the United States, is hailed as the "First Lady…

Emmeline Pankhurst, a woman who shines brightly through the annals of history, b…

Enrico Fermi, a distinguished physicist of the 20th century, was a Nobel Laureat…

Ernest Hemingway, a giant of 20th-century American literature, was renowned for …

Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand-born physicist, was world-renowned for his in-d…

Erwin Schrödinger, the great theoretical physicist, became a legendary figure in…

Estée Lauder, born Josephine Esther Mentzer on July 1, 1908, in New York, USA, w…

Faxian was a renowned eminent monk, Buddhist traveler, and translator of the Eas…

Feng Youlan, courtesy name Zhisheng, was born on December 4, 1895, in Tanghe, He…

Francis Bacon, a thinker of the English Renaissance and the founder of empiricis…

Francis Crick, a titan of 20th-century molecular biology, co-discovered, alongsi…

The first left-wing president of the French Fifth Republic, François Mitterrand'…

Frank Sinatra was one of the most influential American singers and actors of the…

As the 32nd President of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt became one…

Franz Kafka, a German-speaking Jewish writer from Prague in the Austro-Hungarian…

Friedrich Nietzsche, a nineteenth-century German philosopher, profoundly influen…

Fu Baoshi, born on October 5, 1904, in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, was a renowne…

Fyodor Dostoevsky, a literary giant of 19th-century Russia, is renowned for his …

The life and creative journey of Colombian novelist and master of magical realis…

Galileo Galilei, the Italian scientist, stands as a central figure of the Scient…

Genghis Khan, the great founder of the Mongol Empire, unified the Mongol tribes …

Georg Hegel, born on August 27, 1770, in Stuttgart, Germany, was the paramount r…

George Boole, a self-taught English mathematician and logician, is renowned not …

George Orwell, originally named Eric Arthur Blair, was a prominent British left-…

Georges Pompidou, a statesman who profoundly shaped the history of France and th…

The 38th President of the United States, a graduate of Yale Law School, and a fo…

Grace Hopper, a United States Navy rear admiral, computer pioneer, and mathemati…

Gregor Mendel (1822–1884), the Austrian friar and biologist, is celebrated as th…

Gu Yanwu was a thinker and scholar of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Hi…

Guglielmo Marconi, a distinguished electrical engineer, inventor, and entreprene…

Gunter Grass, a distinguished German writer, poet, and sculptor, was awarded the…

Gustave Flaubert, the founding figure of nineteenth-century French realist ficti…

Han Yu (768–824), an outstanding writer and statesman of the Tang dynasty, is re…

Harold Pinter, a highly influential British playwright, director, and actor, was…

Year Pillar

Helen Keller, an American deafblind author and educator, became a legendary figu…

Henry Ford, an American industrialist hailed as a pioneer of the automotive indu…

Herbert von Karajan, the Austrian conductor acclaimed as the "emperor of conduct…

Hermann Hesse, a German-born Nobel Prize laureate in Literature, is renowned for…

Hideyuki Fujisawa, a legendary Japanese Go player, left a profound mark on the h…

Hu Shi was a renowned modern Chinese scholar, thinker, educator, and diplomat. A…

Hua Luogeng, one of the founders of modern Chinese mathematics, was a self-taugh…

Huang Tingjian was a celebrated poet and calligrapher of the Northern Song dynas…

Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky, born on June 17, 1882, in Saint Petersburg, was one…

Immanuel Kant, born on April 22, 1724, in Königsberg, East Prussia, was a promin…

Ingrid Bergman (1915–1982) was a celebrated Swedish film and stage actress. A th…

Isaac Newton, one of the greatest thinkers in the history of British science, is…

An American theoretical physicist hailed as the "father of the atomic bomb." He …

Jackie Robinson—a legendary figure who not only left a glorious mark on the base…

James Joyce, an Irish modernist writer, was renowned for his unique stream-of-co…

James Dewey Watson, a molecular biologist, is world-renowned for his pioneering …

James Watt, a British inventor and mechanical engineer, is renowned worldwide fo…

Jane Austen, born on December 16, 1775, in Steventon, Hampshire, England, was a …

Jean Piaget, a Swiss developmental psychologist, is renowned for his four-stage …

Ji Xianlin, a scholar of great renown in the academic world, led a life of legen…

Ji Yun, a renowned scholar and statesman of the Qianlong era in the Qing Dynasty…

Jianzhen was an eminent monk of the Tang dynasty and the founding patriarch of t…

Jim Henson was a renowned American puppeteer and director, hailed as the father …

Jin Yuelin (1895–1984) was a renowned Chinese philosopher and logician, a profes…

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, born on August 28, 1749, in Frankfurt, Germany, was …

Johannes Kepler, a 17th-century German astronomer and mathematician, is celebrat…

John Archibald Wheeler, a distinguished representative of 20th-century American …

John Keats was an English Romantic poet, renowned worldwide for works such as *O…

John Locke (1632–1704) was an English philosopher and Enlightenment thinker whos…

John Maynard Keynes, one of the most influential British economists of the 20th …

John von Neumann, a distinguished mathematician and scientific polymath of the 2…

Jonas Salk, a distinguished American virologist, is renowned worldwide for his p…

Jean-Paul Sartre was a French philosopher and playwright, a leading representati…

A British writer and linguist, and the founder of modern fantasy literature, kno…

Juan Trippe, born on June 27, 1899, in New Jersey, United States, was a pioneer …

Kakuei Tanaka was a highly legendary postwar Japanese politician. Relying on uni…

Emperor Kangxi (Xuan Ye) was the fourth emperor of the Qing dynasty, reigning fo…

Kim Dae-jung was a South Korean democratic and human rights leader. Born into a …

Kobe Bryant, an iconic figure in basketball history, was renowned for his "Black…

Kong Shangren was a Qing-era playwright and man of letters during the Kangxi rei…

Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty and a grandson of Genghis Khan, liv…

Kurt Godel, one of the most distinguished logicians of the 20th century, was bor…

Lao She, originally named Shu Qingchun, was born in Beijing on February 3, 1899.…

Le Corbusier was one of the most influential modernist architects of the 20th ce…

Lech Walesa, a politician and human-rights campaigner who began as an electricia…

Leo Baekeland (1863–1944), a Belgian-American chemist and entrepreneur, is world…

Leo Burnett was a master of American advertising and the founder of the Leo Burn…

The Russian literary giant Leo Tolstoy is world-renowned for his immortal works …

Li Bai was a Romantic poet of the Tang dynasty, also known by the sobriquet Qing…

Li Hongzhang, a key minister of the late Qing dynasty and the central figure of …

Li Keran (1907–1989), a native of Xuzhou, Jiangsu, was a renowned contemporary C…

Li Ning is a renowned retired Chinese gymnast and entrepreneur, a three-time Oly…

Li Shangyin, courtesy name Yishan, was a famous poet of the late Tang dynasty, r…

Emperor Taizong of Tang, Li Shimin (598–649), was an outstanding statesman and m…

Li Shizhen, a renowned physician, pharmacologist, and naturalist of the Ming dyn…

Li Siguang, founding father of modern Chinese geology, is hailed as the "Father …

Liang Yusheng, originally named Chen Wentong, was born on April 5, 1924, in Meng…

Lin Fengmian, a founding figure of modern Chinese fine arts, left a profound art…

Lin Yutang (1895–1976) was a renowned modern Chinese writer, linguist, and inven…

Lin Zexu, an outstanding statesman and pioneer of reform in the Qing dynasty, wa…

Liu Bei, courtesy name Xuande, was a clansman of the Han imperial house in the l…

Liu Haisu was a modern Chinese painter and art educator renowned for his outstan…

Liu Tianhua (1895–1932), a native of Jiangyin, Jiangsu, was a renowned modern Ch…

Liu Xiang, a shining star in the history of Chinese track and field, became a le…

Liu Zongyuan, the distinguished Tang Dynasty literary figure and thinker, profou…

Louis Armstrong, the most influential jazz musician of the 20th century, transfo…

Louis B. Mayer, the prominent producer of Hollywood's Golden Age, wrote a legend…

Louis Pasteur, a distinguished French chemist and microbiologist, is hailed as t…

Lu Xun, given name Shuren and courtesy name Yucai, was the founder of modern Chi…

Lu You, courtesy name Wuguan and pen name Fangweng, was an outstanding poet and …

Luciano Pavarotti, the legendary Italian tenor, was world-renowned for his cryst…

Lucille Ball, a 20th-century American comedy legend and pioneering producer, sec…

Ludwig Wittgenstein, one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th centur…

Luo Jing, born on May 29, 1961, in Beijing and ancestral to Pengzhou, Sichuan, w…

Mao Dun, originally named Shen Dehong, was born on July 4, 1896, in Tongxiang, Z…

Mao Yisheng was a renowned modern Chinese structural engineer and a pioneer of b…

Year Pillar

Marcus Aurelius, the "Philosopher Emperor" of the Roman Empire, ascended the thr…

Margaret Thatcher, the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, led a …

Marie Curie, the Polish-born French physicist and chemist, became a legend in th…

Marilyn Monroe (Norma Jeane Mortenson) was a legendary American screen actress r…

Mark Twain, originally named Samuel Langhorne Clemens, was a towering figure in …

Marlon Brando, born on April 3, 1924, in Omaha, Nebraska, was a profoundly influ…

Martha Graham (1894–1991), the founder of American modern dance, revolutionized …

Martin Luther King Jr., a distinguished leader of the American civil rights move…

Max Ernst was a 20th-century German avant-garde artist and a principal founder o…

Max Planck, a great theoretical physicist and the founder of quantum mechanics, …

Mei Lanfang (1894–1961) was a master of Peking opera and the founder of the Mei …

Meng Haoran, a celebrated poet of the Tang dynasty, is hailed as the founder of …

Michael Dell, a legendary figure in American business and the founder and CEO of…

Michael Faraday, a 19th-century British experimental scientist and a founder of …

Miguel de Cervantes, a titan of Spanish literature, is celebrated worldwide for …

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, the last leader of the Soviet Union, ended the Co…

A renowned Soviet writer famous for the epic *And Quiet Flows the Don*, which de…

Muhammad Ali (1942–2016), the legendary American heavyweight boxer, was renowned…

Nelson Mandela, the South African anti-apartheid leader and the first Black pres…

During the Renaissance, Nicolaus Copernicus, with his extraordinary intellect an…

Nie Er, a brief but brilliant revolutionary musician, shook an entire era with t…

Niels Bohr, the 1922 Nobel laureate in physics, laid the foundation for quantum …

Nikola Tesla, the Serbian-American inventor and electrical engineer, is world-re…

Noriaki Tsuchimoto, a founding figure of Japanese independent documentary, becam…

A distinguished Costa Rican politician, diplomat, and scholar, he not only serve…

Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072) was an outstanding literary figure, historian, and states…

Pablo Picasso, one of the most revolutionary artists of the 20th century, is ren…

Pan Tianshou (1897–1971), a native of Ninghai, Zhejiang, was a renowned modern C…

Paul Dirac, one of the 20th century's foremost theoretical physicists, is renown…

Pele (Edson Arantes do Nascimento) is a Brazilian football legend who won the Wo…

Percy Bysshe Shelley, an English Romantic poet, is renowned worldwide for his ra…

Pete Rozelle is a landmark leader in the history of American football whose care…

Phil Knight, the American co-founder and chairman emeritus of Nike, stands as a …

Philo Farnsworth, a great inventor and pioneer of modern electronic television a…

Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher, was a disciple of Socrates and the teacher …

Qi Baishi (1864–1957), a native of Xiangtan, Hunan, stands as a monument in the …

Qi Jiguang was an outstanding military general of the Ming dynasty, renowned for…

Qian Mu (1895–1990), a native of Wuxi, Jiangsu, was a distinguished historian, p…

Qian Zhongshu, a literary giant equally versed in Chinese and Western learning, …

Emperor Qianlong, named Hongli, was the sixth emperor of the Qing dynasty and re…

Qiu Fazu (1914–2008), a founder of modern Chinese surgery, created the Qiu surgi…

Rachel Carson was an American marine biologist, nature writer, and pioneering en…

Ray Kroc, a legendary figure who left an indelible mark on business history, is …

René Descartes, a key figure in the modern French philosophical and scientific r…

Richard Feynman, the great physicist, is renowned throughout the world for his u…

Richard Nixon, the 37th President of the United States, was a political legend w…

Year Pillar

In the 17th century, England produced a polymath scientist, Robert Hooke. He was…

Rock Hudson, an iconic figure of Hollywood's Golden Age, won the hearts of count…

Roman Tam, originally named Tan Baixian, was born in Baise, Guangxi, on February…

Rosalind Franklin, a British physical chemist and pioneer of X-ray crystallograp…

Sam Walton, a titan of American retail and the founder of Walmart and Sam's Club…

Samuel Huntington was a distinguished 20th-century American political scientist …

Samuel Chao Chung Ting, born in China in 1936, is a Chinese-American particle ph…

Shang Xiaoyun, originally named Shang Dequan, was one of the "Four Great Dan" of…

Shen Congwen was a titan of modern Chinese literature. His masterpiece is *Borde…

Shen Kuo, a renowned scientist and statesman of the Northern Song period, left a…

Shi Tao was a celebrated painter of the Qing dynasty, renowned by the monastic n…

Cheng Kui An (1955–2009) was a renowned Hong Kong character actor and race car d…

Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, became one of the most important t…

During the Northern Song dynasty, Sima Guang was renowned for his outstanding ac…

A renowned American entrepreneur and civil engineer, the second-generation leade…

Stephen Hawking, a prominent theoretical physicist and cosmologist of the twenti…

Steve Jobs, the American technology pioneer, left a profound mark on the fields …

Steven Chu is a distinguished figure who has left a profound mark in both the sc…

Steven Spielberg, a titan of the American film industry, has brought countless c…

Su Shi (1037–1101), courtesy name Zizhan and literary name Dongpo Jushi, was a N…

Sun Quan (182–252), courtesy name Zhongmou, was a native of Fuchun in Wu Command…

T. S. Eliot, the Anglo-American modernist poet, critic, and playwright, shook th…

Tang Xianzu was a celebrated playwright, literary figure, and educator from Linc…

Tang Yin was a celebrated painter and man of letters of the Ming Dynasty, and on…

Tao Yuanming, a celebrated pastoral poet and recluse of the Eastern Jin to South…

Li Zhengdao (1926–2024) was a Chinese-American theoretical physicist who receive…

Teresa Teng, born on January 29, 1953, in Luzhou, Taipei City, Taiwan, was an ic…

Thomas Aquinas, a medieval Italian Dominican friar and theologian, is celebrated…

American inventor and entrepreneur, inventor of the incandescent lamp and the ph…

Thomas Mann, a leading figure in 20th-century German-language literature, is ren…

Year Pillar: Hurting Officer (Shang Guan) Gui Chou Direct Resource (Zheng Yin) H…

Tim Berners-Lee, the British computer scientist hailed as the "Father of the Int…

Tong Dizhou (1902–1979) was a founder of Chinese experimental embryology and an …

Tu Youyou, a towering figure in Chinese medicine, was born in 1930 in Ningbo, Zh…

Virginia Woolf was a leading figure in English modernist literature and the soul…

Walt Disney, one of the most influential animators and entrepreneurs of the 20th…

Walter Cronkite, a legendary figure in American television journalism, earned th…

Walter Reuther, a major American labor leader of the twentieth century, profound…

Wang Anshi was a renowned statesman, writer, and thinker of the Northern Song pe…

Wang Fuzhi was a renowned thinker of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, cel…

Wang Guowei (1877–1927), a native of Haining in Zhejiang province, was a master …

Wang Xiaobo, a Beijing-born writer and intellectual born in 1952, became an impo…

Wang Yangming (Shouren, 1472–1529) was a renowned thinker, military strategist, …

Warren Buffett—a globally renowned investor, entrepreneur, and philanthropist—ha…

Wei Zheng (580–643), courtesy name Xuancheng, was a renowned prime minister, thi…

A statesman, man of letters, and national hero of the resistance against the Yua…

Werner Heisenberg, a German theoretical physicist and one of the principal found…

The German experimental physicist Wilhelm Rontgen rose to fame for his 1895 disc…

Year Pillar

The preeminent dramatist and poet of the English Renaissance, William Shakespear…

William Shockley, an American applied physicist, co-recipient of the 1956 Nobel …

The American engineer and inventor Willis Carrier is hailed as the "father of mo…

Willy Ronis, the master of French humanist photography, was born in Paris in 191…

Winston Churchill was a pivotal British statesman and writer of the twentieth ce…

The Wright Brothers, Wilbur and Orville, were American aviation pioneers whose i…

Wu Cheng'en, a celebrated writer of the Ming dynasty, is widely regarded as the …

Wu Guanzhong, a giant of modern Chinese art, fused Chinese and Western technique…

The only female emperor officially recognized in Chinese history, Wu Zetian led …

Xian Xinghai (1905–1945) was a Guangdong-born composer and pianist, best known f…

Xie Fei, born in Yan'an in 1942, is a renowned Chinese director and film educato…

Xie Tian, born on June 18, 1914, in Tianjin and originally from Panyu, Guangdong…

Xin Qiji, courtesy name You'an and literary name Jiaxuan, was a leading poet of …

Xu Beihong, a founding figure and educator of modern Chinese fine art, is celebr…

Xu Guangqi was an outstanding late-Ming scientist, thinker, and statesman who le…

Xu Xiangqian (1901–1990), a native of Wutai, Shanxi, was a Marshal of the Chines…

Xuanzang, an eminent Tang dynasty monk and master translator of Buddhist scriptu…

Xun Huisheng, stage name Bai Mudan, was the founder of the Xun school of Peking …

Yan Huaili (1936–2009), a native of Fengrun, Hebei, was a renowned Chinese perfo…

Yan Liben, an outstanding painter and official of the early Tang Dynasty, was re…

Yan Zhenqing, courtesy name Qingchen, was a prominent statesman and calligrapher…

Yitzhak Rabin, a distinguished Israeli military and political leader, was renown…

A renowned Chinese agricultural scientist, celebrated as the "Father of Hybrid R…

Yue Fei, a renowned Southern Song general in the war against the Jin, is celebra…

Zao Wou-Ki, born in Beijing in 1920, was a French-Chinese painter hailed as a le…

Zhang Daqian (1899–1983), a native of Neijiang, Sichuan, was one of the most inf…

Zhang Heng (78–139), a native of Nanyang in the Eastern Han dynasty, was an outs…

Zhang Zhidong, a towering statesman of the late Qing dynasty, left a profound ma…

Zhao Kuangyin, founding emperor of the Northern Song dynasty, came from a milita…

Zheng Banqiao, a renowned calligrapher, painter, and literary figure of the Qing…

Zheng Chenggong (1624–1662) was a Southern Ming general and national hero who re…

Zhong Nanshan is a renowned Chinese respiratory disease expert and academician o…

Zhu Kezhen (1890–1974), a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang, was a founder of modern …

Zhu Xi (1130–1200) was a Southern Song Neo-Confucian philosopher, renowned for h…

Year Pillar

Zhuge Liang, courtesy name Kongming, was born in 181 CE in Yangdu, Langya. He is…